## 1.1 Text Alternatives

### 1.1.1 Non-text Content (Level A)

- [ ] All images have alt text
- [ ] Decorative images have alt=""
- [ ] Complex images have long descriptions
- [ ] Icons with meaning have accessible names
- [ ] CAPTCHAs have alternatives

Check:

```html
<!-- Good -->
<img src="chart.png" alt="Sales increased 25% from Q1 to Q2" />
<img src="decorative-line.png" alt="" />

<!-- Bad -->
<img src="chart.png" />
<img src="decorative-line.png" alt="decorative line" />
```

1.2 Time-based Media

1.2.1 Audio-only and Video-only (Level A)

Not done: Audio has text transcript
Not done: Video has audio description or transcript

1.2.2 Captions (Level A)

Not done: All video has synchronized captions
Not done: Captions are accurate and complete
Not done: Speaker identification included

1.2.3 Audio Description (Level A)

Not done: Video has audio description for visual content

1.3 Adaptable

1.3.1 Info and Relationships (Level A)

Not done: Headings use proper tags (h1-h6)
Not done: Lists use ul/ol/dl
Not done: Tables have headers
Not done: Form inputs have labels
Not done: ARIA landmarks present

Check:

<!-- Heading hierarchy -->
<h1>Page Title</h1>
<h2>Section</h2>
<h3>Subsection</h3>
<h2>Another Section</h2>

<!-- Table headers -->
<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th scope="col">Name</th>
      <th scope="col">Price</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
</table>

1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence (Level A)

Not done: Reading order is logical
Not done: CSS positioning doesn’t break order
Not done: Focus order matches visual order

1.3.3 Sensory Characteristics (Level A)

Not done: Instructions don’t rely on shape/color alone
Not done: “Click the red button” → “Click Submit (red button)”

1.4 Distinguishable

1.4.1 Use of Color (Level A)

Not done: Color is not only means of conveying info
Not done: Links distinguishable without color
Not done: Error states not color-only

1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) (Level AA)

Not done: Text: 4.5:1 contrast ratio
Not done: Large text (18pt+): 3:1 ratio
Not done: UI components: 3:1 ratio

Tools: WebAIM Contrast Checker, axe DevTools

1.4.4 Resize Text (Level AA)

Not done: Text resizes to 200% without loss
Not done: No horizontal scrolling at 320px
Not done: Content reflows properly

1.4.10 Reflow (Level AA)

Not done: Content reflows at 400% zoom
Not done: No two-dimensional scrolling
Not done: All content accessible at 320px width

1.4.11 Non-text Contrast (Level AA)

Not done: UI components have 3:1 contrast
Not done: Focus indicators visible
Not done: Graphical objects distinguishable

1.4.12 Text Spacing (Level AA)

Not done: No content loss with increased spacing
Not done: Line height 1.5x font size
Not done: Paragraph spacing 2x font size
Not done: Letter spacing 0.12x font size
Not done: Word spacing 0.16x font size


### Operable (Principle 2)

```markdown
## 2.1 Keyboard Accessible

### 2.1.1 Keyboard (Level A)
- [ ] All functionality keyboard accessible
- [ ] No keyboard traps
- [ ] Tab order is logical
- [ ] Custom widgets are keyboard operable

Check:
```javascript
// Custom button must be keyboard accessible
<div role="button" tabindex="0"
     onkeydown="if(event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') activate()">

2.1.2 No Keyboard Trap (Level A)

Not done: Focus can move away from all components
Not done: Modal dialogs trap focus correctly
Not done: Focus returns after modal closes

2.2 Enough Time

2.2.1 Timing Adjustable (Level A)

Not done: Session timeouts can be extended
Not done: User warned before timeout
Not done: Option to disable auto-refresh

2.2.2 Pause, Stop, Hide (Level A)

Not done: Moving content can be paused
Not done: Auto-updating content can be paused
Not done: Animations respect prefers-reduced-motion

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  * {
    animation: none !important;
    transition: none !important;
  }
}

2.3 Seizures and Physical Reactions

2.3.1 Three Flashes (Level A)

Not done: No content flashes more than 3 times/second
Not done: Flashing area is small (<25% viewport)

2.4 Navigable

2.4.1 Bypass Blocks (Level A)

Not done: Skip to main content link present
Not done: Landmark regions defined
Not done: Proper heading structure

<a href="#main" class="skip-link">Skip to main content</a>
<main id="main">...</main>

2.4.2 Page Titled (Level A)

Not done: Unique, descriptive page titles
Not done: Title reflects page content

2.4.3 Focus Order (Level A)

Not done: Focus order matches visual order
Not done: tabindex used correctly

2.4.4 Link Purpose (In Context) (Level A)

Not done: Links make sense out of context
Not done: No “click here” or “read more” alone

<!-- Bad -->
<a href="report.pdf">Click here</a>

<!-- Good -->
<a href="report.pdf">Download Q4 Sales Report (PDF)</a>

2.4.6 Headings and Labels (Level AA)

Not done: Headings describe content
Not done: Labels describe purpose

2.4.7 Focus Visible (Level AA)

Not done: Focus indicator visible on all elements
Not done: Custom focus styles meet contrast

:focus {
  outline: 3px solid #005fcc;
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

2.4.11 Focus Not Obscured (Level AA) - WCAG 2.2

Not done: Focused element not fully hidden
Not done: Sticky headers don’t obscure focus


### Understandable (Principle 3)

```markdown
## 3.1 Readable

### 3.1.1 Language of Page (Level A)
- [ ] HTML lang attribute set
- [ ] Language correct for content

```html
<html lang="en">

3.1.2 Language of Parts (Level AA)

Not done: Language changes marked

<p>The French word <span lang="fr">bonjour</span> means hello.</p>

3.2 Predictable

3.2.1 On Focus (Level A)

Not done: No context change on focus alone
Not done: No unexpected popups on focus

3.2.2 On Input (Level A)

Not done: No automatic form submission
Not done: User warned before context change

Not done: Navigation consistent across pages
Not done: Repeated components same order

3.2.4 Consistent Identification (Level AA)

Not done: Same functionality = same label
Not done: Icons used consistently

3.3 Input Assistance

3.3.1 Error Identification (Level A)

Not done: Errors clearly identified
Not done: Error message describes problem
Not done: Error linked to field

<input aria-describedby="email-error" aria-invalid="true" />
<span id="email-error" role="alert">Please enter valid email</span>

3.3.2 Labels or Instructions (Level A)

Not done: All inputs have visible labels
Not done: Required fields indicated
Not done: Format hints provided

3.3.3 Error Suggestion (Level AA)

Not done: Errors include correction suggestion
Not done: Suggestions are specific

3.3.4 Error Prevention (Level AA)

Not done: Legal/financial forms reversible
Not done: Data checked before submission
Not done: User can review before submit


### Robust (Principle 4)

```markdown
## 4.1 Compatible

### 4.1.1 Parsing (Level A) - Obsolete in WCAG 2.2
- [ ] Valid HTML (good practice)
- [ ] No duplicate IDs
- [ ] Complete start/end tags

### 4.1.2 Name, Role, Value (Level A)
- [ ] Custom widgets have accessible names
- [ ] ARIA roles correct
- [ ] State changes announced

```html
<!-- Accessible custom checkbox -->
<div role="checkbox"
     aria-checked="false"
     tabindex="0"
     aria-labelledby="label">
</div>
<span id="label">Accept terms</span>

4.1.3 Status Messages (Level AA)

Not done: Status updates announced
Not done: Live regions used correctly

<div role="status" aria-live="polite">3 items added to cart</div>

<div role="alert" aria-live="assertive">Error: Form submission failed</div>


## Automated Testing

```javascript
// axe-core integration
const axe = require('axe-core');

async function runAccessibilityAudit(page) {
  await page.addScriptTag({ path: require.resolve('axe-core') });

  const results = await page.evaluate(async () => {
    return await axe.run(document, {
      runOnly: {
        type: 'tag',
        values: ['wcag2a', 'wcag2aa', 'wcag21aa', 'wcag22aa']
      }
    });
  });

  return {
    violations: results.violations,
    passes: results.passes,
    incomplete: results.incomplete
  };
}

// Playwright test example
test('should have no accessibility violations', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/');
  const results = await runAccessibilityAudit(page);

  expect(results.violations).toHaveLength(0);
});

# CLI tools
npx @axe-core/cli https://example.com
npx pa11y https://example.com
lighthouse https://example.com --only-categories=accessibility

Remediation Patterns

Fix: Missing Form Labels

<!-- Before -->
<input type="email" placeholder="Email" />

<!-- After: Option 1 - Visible label -->
<label for="email">Email address</label>
<input id="email" type="email" />

<!-- After: Option 2 - aria-label -->
<input type="email" aria-label="Email address" />

<!-- After: Option 3 - aria-labelledby -->
<span id="email-label">Email</span>
<input type="email" aria-labelledby="email-label" />

Fix: Insufficient Color Contrast

/* Before: 2.5:1 contrast */
.text {
  color: #767676;
}

/* After: 4.5:1 contrast */
.text {
  color: #595959;
}

/* Or add background */
.text {
  color: #767676;
  background: #000;
}

// Make custom element keyboard accessible
class AccessibleDropdown extends HTMLElement {
  connectedCallback() {
    this.setAttribute("tabindex", "0");
    this.setAttribute("role", "combobox");
    this.setAttribute("aria-expanded", "false");

    this.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
      switch (e.key) {
        case "Enter":
        case " ":
          this.toggle();
          e.preventDefault();
          break;
        case "Escape":
          this.close();
          break;
        case "ArrowDown":
          this.focusNext();
          e.preventDefault();
          break;
        case "ArrowUp":
          this.focusPrevious();
          e.preventDefault();
          break;
      }
    });
  }
}

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