Language

• MUST use the official DSQL Connector for the chosen driver (when one exists). The Connectors are the canonical IAM-token-refresh path; memory-authored connection code drifts.
• MUST follow the official DSQL connectors, drivers, and ORM samples (opens in a new tab) for client install, auth, and CRUD unless user requirements explicitly conflict.

Driver and Sample Index

The authoritative index of supported drivers, ORMs, adapters, and example repositories lives at Aurora DSQL cluster connectivity tools (opens in a new tab). Pull the per-language sample link from that page rather than hardcoding repository paths here — the AWS docs page tracks rename, relocation, and deprecation events.

Framework and Connection Notes for Languages and Drivers

Python

ALWAYS use the DSQL Python Connector (opens in a new tab) for automatic IAM auth. The single aurora-dsql-python-connector wheel ships support for all three drivers — install only the underlying driver you need:

• psycopg (modern async/sync)
  • Install: pip install aurora-dsql-python-connector psycopg[binary] psycopg-pool
  • Canonical import: import aurora_dsql_psycopg as dsql
• psycopg2 (synchronous)
  • Install: pip install aurora-dsql-python-connector psycopg2
  • Canonical import: import aurora_dsql_psycopg2 as dsql
• asyncpg (full async)
  • Install: pip install aurora-dsql-python-connector asyncpg
  • Canonical import: import aurora_dsql_asyncpg as dsql

For per-driver example_preferred.py files and pool/TLS/token-refresh examples, see the AWS DSQL connectivity tools page (opens in a new tab).

SQLAlchemy

• Supports psycopg and psycopg2
• See the SQLAlchemy entry in the AWS DSQL connectivity tools page (opens in a new tab)
• Dialect Source: aurora-dsql-sqlalchemy (opens in a new tab)

JupyterLab

• Still SHOULD PREFER using the python connector.
• Popular data science option for interactive computing environment that combines code, text, and visualizations
• Options for Local or using Amazon SageMaker
• REQUIRES downloading the Amazon root certificate from the official trust store
• For a Jupyter setup walkthrough, see the Python entries in the AWS DSQL connectivity tools page (opens in a new tab)

Go

ALWAYS use the DSQL Go Connector (opens in a new tab) for automatic IAM auth:

• pgx (recommended)
  • Install: go get github.com/awslabs/aurora-dsql-connectors/go/pgx
  • Canonical import: import "github.com/awslabs/aurora-dsql-connectors/go/pgx/dsql"
  • Connector: aurora-dsql-connectors/go/pgx (opens in a new tab)
  • For the example_preferred.go and pool patterns, see the Go entry in the AWS DSQL connectivity tools page (opens in a new tab)

JavaScript/TypeScript

ALWAYS use one of the two DSQL Node.js connectors — node-postgres (opens in a new tab) or postgres-js (opens in a new tab). Even when the user asks for “just node-postgres directly” or “just pg directly,” the Connector is the node-postgres path — it wraps pg as its underlying driver while handling IAM auth token refresh and TLS defaults. A bare pg.Pool/pg.Client works until the first 15-minute IAM auth token expiry and then starts returning auth errors on every new connection; DSQL users who try the bare form hit this degraded state in production and report it as a DSQL bug, so the bare pattern is user-harmful by default. Deliver the Connector; treat “just use pg” as shorthand for “I want a node-postgres solution,” not as a veto on the Connector.

node-postgres (pg)

• Package: @aws/aurora-dsql-node-postgres-connector
• Canonical import: import { AuroraDSQLPool } from "@aws/aurora-dsql-node-postgres-connector";
• Construct: new AuroraDSQLPool({ host, user, max?, idleTimeoutMillis?, connectionTimeoutMillis? })
• For the example_preferred.js and pool patterns, see the JavaScript node-postgres entry in the AWS DSQL connectivity tools page (opens in a new tab)

postgres.js

• Package: @aws/aurora-dsql-postgresjs-connector
• Canonical import: import { auroraDSQLPostgres } from "@aws/aurora-dsql-postgresjs-connector";
• Construct: auroraDSQLPostgres({ host, user, max?, idle_timeout?, connect_timeout? })
• Lightweight alternative; good for serverless environments
• For the example_preferred.js and pool patterns, see the JavaScript Postgres.js entry in the AWS DSQL connectivity tools page (opens in a new tab)

Prisma

• Custom directUrl with token refresh middleware
• See the TypeScript Prisma entry in the AWS DSQL connectivity tools page (opens in a new tab)

Sequelize

• Configure dialectOptions for SSL
• Token refresh in beforeConnect hook
• See the TypeScript Sequelize entry in the AWS DSQL connectivity tools page (opens in a new tab)

TypeORM

• Custom DataSource with token refresh
• Create migrations table manually via psql
• See the TypeScript TypeORM entry in the AWS DSQL connectivity tools page (opens in a new tab)

Java

ALWAYS use the DSQL JDBC Connector (opens in a new tab) for automatic IAM auth.

JDBC (via DSQL JDBC Connector)

• Gradle: implementation("software.amazon.dsql:aurora-dsql-jdbc-connector:1.4.0")
• Maven: <groupId>software.amazon.dsql</groupId><artifactId>aurora-dsql-jdbc-connector</artifactId><version>1.4.0</version>
• URL format: jdbc:aws-dsql:postgresql://<endpoint>/postgres
• Properties: wrapperPlugins=iam, ssl=true, sslmode=verify-full
• See the Java pgJDBC entry in the AWS DSQL connectivity tools page (opens in a new tab)

HikariCP (Connection Pooling)

• Gradle: implementation("com.zaxxer:HikariCP:7.0.2") alongside the JDBC connector
• Wrap JDBC connection, configure max lifetime < 1 hour
• See the Java HikariCP + pgJDBC entry in the AWS DSQL connectivity tools page (opens in a new tab)

Rust

ALWAYS use the DSQL Rust connector for automatic IAM auth.

SQLx (async, recommended)

• Cargo: aurora-dsql-sqlx-connector = { version = "0.2", features = ["pool", "occ"] }
• Canonical use: wrap sqlx::postgres::PgPool via the connector’s builder; the connector injects IAM auth tokens and handles rotation.
• See the Rust SQLx entry in the AWS DSQL connectivity tools page (opens in a new tab)

Tokio-Postgres (lower-level async)

• Only reach for raw tokio-postgres when the aurora-dsql-sqlx-connector doesn’t fit the runtime. Implement periodic token refresh with tokio::spawn.
• Connection format: postgres://admin:{token}@{endpoint}:5432/postgres?sslmode=verify-full&application_name=<app-name>/<model-id>

Elixir

Postgrex

• MUST use Erlang/OTP 26+
• Driver: Postgrex (opens in a new tab) ~> 0.19
  • Use Postgrex.query! for all queries
• Connection: Implement Repo.init/2 callback for dynamic token injection
  • MUST set ssl: true with ssl_opts: [verify: :verify_peer, cacerts: :public_key.cacerts_get()]
  • MAY prefer AWS CLI via System.cmd to call generate-db-connect-auth-token